Nature

Nature, or altered reality that is distinct from the soul, was a vast term defined succintly by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Through his writings, it is evidently no surprise that Emerson is known as the "American Plato". His ideas of beauty, reason, and idealism coincide with the Greek philosopher's discourses in such works as the Phaedo, Symposium, and Timaeus. In Nature, Emerson stresses the role of the human soul and its relation to the surrounding world, where man, in humanistic terms, is a conduit of that equation involving nature and the universe. He states that the goal of a poet is beauty, while the goal of a philosopher is truth. In perceiving nature, these two factors, truth and beauty, are in close partnership, while nature is an entity that can be controlled and studied. We constantly perceive beauty in nature, and in Plato's Symposium Socrates says that what we love is the beautiful soul, and then beautiful thoughts and ideas. As we come nearer to beauty, we perceive beauty itself; a runoff from Plato's famous theory of forms and universals.

The theory of forms manifests itself in the exposition on nature, when Emerson states that beauty, though important to the senses, is not the final cause of nature but is part of man's journey in attaining reason and understanding. Goodness, a companion of Beauty, is also linked to the Supreme Being, a unique facet of Emerson's Neoplatonism. He states in a dialogue on Plato and the divided line, "The four operations of the soul correspond--conjecture, faith, understanding, and reason. As every pool reflects the image of the sun, so every thought and thing restores us an image and creature of the supreme Good. The universe is perforated by a million channels for his activity. All things mount and mount" (Gross 130). Although these components of nature are sometimes vague, and immersed in mysticism, they are all closely linked and undoubtedly interrelated.

The mystic thought and refrences to Arabic or eastern culture (which are sometimes used out of their true context, by Emerson) pervading Nature and other works, are a large part of Emerson's poetical sense of nature. Romanticism,a movement begun by Rousseau in the philosophical tradition, was a movement that paralleled transcendentalism. Transcendentalism was influenced by Idealism, which tells us, all that exists are minds and ideas. In the literary sphere, Romanticism, as presented by the Lake poets Coleridge and Wordsworth saw nature in a way similar to Emerson. But poems such as Blake's "The Tyger" and Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" were poems in awe of nature's fierceness and strength, with man at the mercy of nature, rather than its controller. Emerson himself wrote poems that were consistent with these ideals such as "The Snow Storm", which suggest distinctions between Emerson as a philosopher and Emerson as a poet.

Amena Hassan


For further reading:
Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (Eds). PLATO: The Collected Dialogues. (1996).
Gross, Barry. Great Thinkers on Plato. (1968).
Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy. (1972).